Knoema.com - GHG http://pt.knoema.com 2023-02-06T15:11:55Z /favicon.png Knoema é o seu caminho pessoal do conhecimento China's Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation //pt.knoema.com/jxdvhxc/china-s-role-in-global-climate-change-mitigation 2023-02-06T15:11:55Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
China's Role in Global Climate Change Mitigation

(February 2023) As the world’s largest emitter, China’s carbon emissions account for 28% of the global total, surpassing those of the US and Europe combined since 2012. The fastest increase in carbon emissions were observed from 2000 to 2013. China therefore has a key role in global climate change mitigation.Data from EDGAR shows that 80% of China’s carbon emissions are from electric power generation and industrial sources, since its rapid industrialization, urbanization and globalization are powered by a coal-dominated energy system.China has adopted a low-carbon strategy for its economic development. With large-scale deployment of renewable power generation, particularly hydro, wind, and solar, the share of fossil fuel has reached an all-time low and coal consumption has plateaued. China plans to become carbon neutral by 2060. According to the research conducted by scientists from the Tsinghua University, China has already met several national environmental targets: as of 2020, carbon intensity was reduced by 18.8% relative to the 2015 level, the share of non-fossil consumption as part of the total primary energy consumption was increased to 15.9%, and forest stock volume was increased to over 17.5 billion m3, exceeding the targets of 18%, 15% and 16.5 billion m3, respectively. 

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
The Rise of Voluntary Carbon Markets //pt.knoema.com/wzcehgg/the-rise-of-voluntary-carbon-markets 2023-01-16T14:10:39Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
The Rise of Voluntary Carbon Markets

(January 2023) According to the Ecosystem Marketplace report the global voluntary carbon market was valued at US$2 billion in 2021 which is a 281% increase compared to 2020. The voluntary carbon market traded volume has reached 493 MtCO2e in 2021 compared to 203 MtCO2e in 2020. The voluntary carbon market (VCM) enables carbon emitters to compensate for their unabated emissions by purchasing carbon credits produced by projects targeted at removing or reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the atmosphere. Despite a myriad of concerns around the existing practice of using carbon offsets as part of corporates' environmental strategies, corporate pledges have resulted in explosive growth in demand for voluntary carbon credits. The Institute of International Finance and McKinsey estimate that the market for carbon credits could be worth upward of $50 billion in 2030.

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
The Fossil-fuel Subsidies Undermine Energy Transition //pt.knoema.com/gsinlh/the-fossil-fuel-subsidies-undermine-energy-transition 2022-11-29T14:25:55Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
The Fossil-fuel Subsidies Undermine Energy Transition

Globally, governments spend more than $500 billion on subsidies for fossil fuels that contribute to inefficiency and negative externalities. These subsidies increase the use of fossil fuels, which causes a range of adverse environmental and health impacts.The sheer scale of subsidies makes them an important pillar of the fossil fuel industry. The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) found that production subsidies by the G20 countries averaged $290 billion annually during 2017-2019. Of this amount, almost 95% went towards oil and gas, with a relatively small amount earmarked for coal. Similarly, in 2019, global consumption subsidies stood at around $320 billion. However, fossil-fuel subsidies, once they are established, are very hard to get rid of. In many countries access to cheep energy sources is crucial for consumers, while clean energy alternatives are not available. Also removing consumption subsidies immediately raises the price of energy. And when energy prices increase, the cost of many other goods and services also goes up, that can led to mass protests especially in low income countries.

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
China’s CO2 Emissions Fell by a Record 8% in Q2 202 //pt.knoema.com/znzxshe/china-s-co2-emissions-fell-by-a-record-8-in-q2-202 2022-09-02T10:50:24Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
China’s CO2 Emissions Fell by a Record 8% in Q2 202

Data from Carbon Brief shows China’s emissions have now fallen year-on-year for four consecutive quarters. According to Carbon Brief China’s CO2 emissions fell 8% in April to June, compared with the year before. In absolute terms, this is the largest quarterly reduction in at least a decade, amounting to some 230MtCO2, as shown in the chart below. The latest quarterly decline was driven by China’s ongoing real-estate slump, strict Covid control measures, weak growth in electricity demand and strong growth in renewable output.

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Rising Lifestyle Expectations Undermine Climate Change Goals //pt.knoema.com/hcddxxf/rising-lifestyle-expectations-undermine-climate-change-goals 2022-02-08T08:37:20Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Rising Lifestyle Expectations Undermine Climate Change Goals

(04 February 2022) The exponential growth of per capita income over the last century has significantly improved living standards around the world. One of the consequences of rising living standards has been an increase in per capita living space. While most developed countries are close to the saturation point in terms of demand for larger homes, in many emerging economies there is a significant potential for further increase in per capita floor area. According to an article by Katherine Ellsworth-Krebs of Lancaster University, the increase in per capita living space coupled with the global trend of declining household size has the potential to undermine efforts to reach climate change targets.Smaller household sizes and larger per capita living space increase energy and resource consumption, waste, and biodiversity losses, since more energy and building materials are required to build, heat, and supply larger homes with fewer occupants. According to data from OECD, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Residential and Other Sectors* in OECD-member countries in 2019 amounted to 1.6 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent, or nearly 11% of total GHG emissions.OECD data shows that GHG emissions from the residential sector in the U.S. is a little over twice the rate in India. However, the population of India is four times the population of the U.S., while per capita floor area in the U.S is about seven times higher than in India. The gap in living space per person between developed countries and the rest of the world underlines the potential for further increase in global GHG emissions from the housing sector, which can hardly be tackled by managing household expectations of how much space is "enough." *OECD data on GHG emissions for Residential and Other Sectors includes emissions from fuel combustion in households, commercial and institutional buildings, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Which Countries Have the Most Ambitious 2030 Emissions-Reduction Targets? //pt.knoema.com/mynafrd/which-countries-have-the-most-ambitious-2030-emissions-reduction-targets 2021-11-08T11:19:10Z Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
Which Countries Have the Most Ambitious 2030 Emissions-Reduction Targets?

Climate change is recognized as a significant issue for people's lives and economic well-being worldwide. Since greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are associated with climate change, many countries have been making efforts to regulate and limit them. Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, countries pledged to advance climate change mitigation by committing to national GHG reduction targets. In 2015, the countries submitted their first national strategies, known as Nationally Determined Contributions or NDCs, for reducing their share of greenhouse gases by 2030. The data visualizations below explore GHG emission reductions from 1990 to the present, as well as potential future reductions based on countries' current NDCs.Since 1990, the most significant reductions in GHG emissions have been achieved by the United Kingdom (40.9% decline), Russia (30.9%), and the EU-27 (22.1%). Emissions cuts in the UK and European Union (27) were driven by decarbonization of the energy sector, improving energy efficiency, and structural changes in the economy that shifted energy-intensive industries to the developing world and increased of service-based sectors in GDP. In Russia, GHG emissions declined due to the deep economic crisis of the 1990s that induced industries to close down or substantially reduce output. By the early 2000s, emissions had dropped more than 40% from 1990 levels.Comparing current emissions with 2005 levels, the standout leaders are the UK and Brazil, which have succeeded in decreasing emissions by 30%. The European Union (27) has reduced its emissions by 16% since 2005, while Russia's emissions, in contrast, have grown by 23%.According to the most recently submitted NDCs, the most ambitious goals in emissions reduction by 2030 belong to the UK, the EU-27, and Australia, followed by Brazil and the United States. The Russian NDC reflects a goal to stabilization of emissions on the 70% of 1990 level, or an increase of 12% compared to the 2015 level. Indonesia, according to its latest NDC of 2016, expects a decrease in emissions at 1.6% below 2015 levels (or an increase of almost 64% over 2005). In the best-case scenario, including international support, Indonesia expects to reduce emissions up to 18% below 2015 levels (a 36% rise over 2005).   This dashboard contains data on 10 major economies, 7 of which top the list of the largest GHG emitters on the planet. The proposed actions of these countries will largely determine the extent of future GHG emissions reductions and whether they meet the aims of the Paris Agreement.

Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
IPCC: Climate Change Is Irreversible Over Thousands of Years //pt.knoema.com/hzpkgke/ipcc-climate-change-is-irreversible-over-thousands-of-years 2021-08-20T05:34:50Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
IPCC: Climate Change Is Irreversible Over Thousands of Years

(10 August 2021) "Climate change is irreversible." This was perhaps the most significant conclusion of the most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The report, a product of the combined efforts of 234 scientists from 66 countries, projects that in the coming decades climate changes will increase in all regions of the globe, with increasing heat waves, longer warm seasons, and shorter cold seasons. Other key findings from the IPCC report:Sea level will continue to rise, and the likelihood of crossing the global temperature increase level of 1.5°C (relative to the preindustrial period, approximated by the period 1850-1900) in the next few decades is very high.The observed warming is driven by emissions from human activities. Based on improved observational datasets to assess historical warming, as well progress in scientific understanding of the response of the climate system to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions, the IPCC estimates that human activities are responsible for 95% of observed global warming.

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Carbon Pricing Initiatives Are Gaining Momentum //pt.knoema.com/mwbxule/carbon-pricing-initiatives-are-gaining-momentum 2021-08-04T10:25:10Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Carbon Pricing Initiatives Are Gaining Momentum

(26 July 2021) According to the World Bank’s State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021, there are 64 carbon pricing schemes in operation around the world today, covering over 21% of global emissions and generating over $50 billion of revenue per year.Though the share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions covered by carbon pricing initiatives is growing fast, with a threefold increase over the last decade, experts note that thus far less than 4% of global emissions are covered by a carbon price higher than $40 per ton of carbon equivalent — the price they warn is needed to meet the 2C target (the goal of keeping global temperature rise to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels).Of the ten largest producers of GHG emissions, six — the US, India, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia and Iran — have not yet introduced national-level carbon pricing schemes. Together, these six countries account for over 30% of global GHG emissions. Note: To discourage consumption of carbon-intensive resources and services, the government sets a price (or a carbon tax) that emitters must pay for each ton of greenhouse gas emissions they emit. Businesses and consumers will take steps, such as switching fuels or adopting new technologies, to reduce their emissions to avoid paying the tax. And government will redistribute the revenue from carbon pricing to increase investment in green energy, carbon free technologies and climate adaptation. (C2ES).

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
Greenhouse Gases | Country Profiles //pt.knoema.com/zheyswf/greenhouse-gases-country-profiles 2019-11-22T20:52:07Z Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
Greenhouse Gases | Country Profiles

It is generally accepted that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere venting from anthropogenic sources are in part responsible for global warming, one driver of global climate change. While the reality of global warming itself is still under political and scientific debate, measurements indicate that the average temperature on Earth has increased by 0.7 degrees Celsius since the start of the Industrial Revolution. To estimate the influence of and prevent dangerous interference from anthropogenic sources in the global climate system, reliable estimates of emissions and removal of GHGs from the atmosphere are required, a critical objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The charts and graphs below demonstrate existing data to this aim, reflecting information about the contribution of countries worldwide to GHG emissions and emissions by source.      Sources: Greenhouse gas database, 2013 | Greenhouse Gas Inventory Data, May 2013 Note: LULUCF is land use, land-use change and forestry sector.  

Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
20th Climate & Clean Air Coalition Working Group and Science-Policy Dialogue //pt.knoema.com/xgndfye/20th-climate-clean-air-coalition-working-group-and-science-policy-dialogue 2017-04-17T08:58:56Z Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
20th Climate & Clean Air Coalition Working Group and Science-Policy Dialogue

The Science-Policy Dialogue will focus on metrics for black carbon and other pollutants, black carbon inventories, and how to include short-lived climate pollutants in the NDCs. The 20th CCAC Working Group meeting will provide the opportunity to discuss, among other items:Preparation of new actions and commitments for the Coalition’s next High-Level Assembly in late 2017An in-depth look at Coalition initiatives ready for scaling upA follow up on commitments made in the Marrakech CommuniqueConsideration of new funding proposals Date of Event: 25-27 April 2017 Organizers: Ministry of Environment of Chile, Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Venue: Crowne Plaza Hotel Santiago, Chile

Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
Law, Justice and Development Week 2016: Law, Climate Change and Development //pt.knoema.com/ysljkdb/law-justice-and-development-week-2016-law-climate-change-and-development 2016-08-10T18:47:18Z Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
Law, Justice and Development Week 2016: Law, Climate Change and Development

On Earth Day this year, more than 175 countries signed the Paris Agreement, setting an all-time record for the number of countries signing international agreement on a single day. The Paris Agreement sets out a global action plan to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to below 2°C. Now, the world’s attention is shifting from negotiation to implementation. Implementing the Paris Agreement will require new laws, new regulations, and unprecedented levels of international legal cooperation. In November, the UN Framework Conference on Climate Change will meet again, this time in Marrakech, to flesh out the decisions taken in Paris. And in December, LJD Week 2016 will bring the world’s development lawyers together to begin realizing the commitments of the Paris Agreement. This conference will be a key milestone in developing the legal and regulatory framework to accelerate our global transition to low carbon economies. LJD Week 2016 will mark an historic opportunity to focus on the processes that will be needed to capture the Paris commitments in laws which set national targets and make them binding and enforceable; laws that permit countries to achieve greater energy efficiency; and laws that require far reaching changes in national energy systems, and in agricultural and manufacturing practices. Event Holder: World Bank Source of data: World Bank Climate Change

Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock //pt.knoema.com/maodxhb/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-livestock 2016-08-01T14:27:59Z Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock

Have you ever wondered whether cattle rearing or car driving contributes more to the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth’s atmosphere, thus exacerbating global warming? Look no further than today’s Viz of the Day, which provides insights on this issue courtesy of a report published by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The data clearly indicates that the modern livestock sector contributes more significantly to global warming than the whole of the transport sector. Among livestock species, cattle are responsible for nearly 65 percent of GHG emissions, with a single cow, steer, or bull producing more carbon dioxide (CO2) per year than a Ferrari*.According to the FAO, total emissions of greenhouse gases from livestock sector were about 6.53 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent per year for the 2005 reference period**. This represents 15.5% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions of roughly 42 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent for the same period. By comparison, the annual GHG emissions from the transport sector are only about 6.45 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent. Carbon dioxide, however, represents the smallest element of livestock GHG emissions and is far less than the contribution from nitrous oxide (N2O) from manure to GHGs. Nitrous oxide has 296 times the Global Warming Potential of CO2 and constitutes 30% of livestock GHG emissions and 61% of global human-related nitrous oxide. Ensuring future food security and human livelihood while also protecting the Earth requires a transition towards a more sustainable livestock sector. Reducing GHG emissions supports this transition, and yet current food consumption and marketing trends directly work against efforts to decrease the demand for cattle and other livestock rearing. People are consuming more and more meat and dairy products every year. Global meat production has more than doubled during the last 30 years from 145.3 million tonnes in 1983 to 310.4 million tonnes in 2013 and is expected to further rise to 355 million tonnes by 2024. Production of milk increased by 50 percent during the same period and is going to rise by 19% during the next 11 years.Popular trends to support healthier eating and farming practices favor the use of manure as organic fertilizer, thus contributing to increasing N2O emissions. *On average, every kilogram (kg) of cattle meat generates 12 kgs of CO2 per year. The weight of average adult cow is about 700 kgs. So, each cow produces 12*700 or around 8,400 kgs of CO2 per year. At the same time, the average Ferrari emits 311 grams of CO2 per kilometre (km). Supposing that this Ferrari travels 20,000 km per year, the annual CO2 emissions from it would be 20,000*0.3 or around 6,000 kgs. **Not including emissions from "Other poultry", accounting for 72 million tonnes CO2-eq and emissions allocated to fiber production (wool), draught power and manure use fuel, which accounts for 400 million tonnes CO2-eq. Including these components increases total GHG emissions from livestock to 7.1 gigatonnes of CO2-eq.

Alex Kulikov pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1847910
Second Environmental Protection and Sustainability Forum //pt.knoema.com/elgdsx/second-environmental-protection-and-sustainability-forum 2016-03-09T09:18:47Z Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
Second Environmental Protection and Sustainability Forum

The Department of Economics and the Institute for Policy Research at the University of Bath are hosting this international forum to discuss state-of-the-art academic research on international environmental agreements informed by the insights of policymakers and practitioners in the field. The forum will include academic presentations (ten academic keynote presentations and 40 academic contributed papers) and engagement with stakeholders through roundtable discussions and public lectures. The forum seeks to connect researchers with those who design and implement policy, as well as those who are affected by the policies. The first Forum was hosted by the University of Exeter in 2011. The following topics, inter alia, are expected to be addressed: impact of the negotiation process on implementation of environmental agreements; the role of institutions in shaping and monitoring agreements; the role of research and development, adaptation and geoengineering in the success of climate change mitigation strategies; the impact of policy instruments at the international and domestic level on the success of agreements; the role of international and domestic law in designing international environmental agreements; ecological, technological and societal thresholds and tipping points; the roles of uncertainty, risk and learning; and the economic impacts of agreements. Event Holder: International Institute for Sustainable Development (Sustainable Development Policy and Practice)

Alina Buzanakova pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1293450
GHG emissions by country //pt.knoema.com/aocqntg/ghg-emissions-by-country 2014-09-01T12:29:22Z Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560
GHG emissions by country

Misha Gusev pt.knoema.com://pt.knoema.com/user/1000560