Researchers in R&D are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.
| 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bélgica | 2.983 | 3.173 | 3.756 | 3.880 | 4.117 | 4.162 | 4.545 | 4.732 | 4.798 | 4.757 | 5.040 | 5.291 | 5.419 | 6.597 | 6.983 | |
| República Checa | 1.352 | 2.353 | 2.799 | 2.926 | 3.162 | 3.261 | 3.428 | 3.619 | 3.547 | 3.718 | 3.907 | 4.028 | 4.187 | 4.560 | 4.697 | |
| Dinamarca | 5.207 | 6.764 | 7.046 | 7.182 | 7.115 | 7.358 | 7.566 | 7.852 | 7.648 | 7.598 | 7.694 | 7.651 | 7.708 | 8.736 | ||
| França | 2.903 | 3.298 | 3.850 | 3.921 | 4.052 | 4.134 | 4.210 | 4.311 | 4.392 | 4.547 | 4.671 | 4.774 | 4.883 | 5.058 | 5.182 | |
| Hungria | 1.412 | 1.576 | 2.136 | 2.310 | 2.401 | 2.528 | 2.655 | 2.570 | 2.626 | 2.902 | 3.846 | 4.021 | 4.310 | 4.452 | 4.725 | |
| Bulgária | 1.180 | 1.302 | 1.471 | 1.606 | 1.537 | 1.685 | 1.822 | 1.977 | 2.237 | 2.125 | 2.343 | 2.420 | 2.401 | 2.347 | 2.557 | |
| Itália | 1.155 | 1.413 | 1.723 | 1.761 | 1.831 | 1.916 | 1.947 | 2.076 | 2.210 | 2.322 | 2.524 | 2.671 | 2.615 | 2.659 | 2.796 | |
| Látvia | 1.601 | 1.458 | 1.837 | 1.902 | 1.909 | 1.791 | 1.872 | 1.819 | 1.601 | 1.785 | 1.786 | 1.891 | 2.134 | 2.395 | 2.270 | |
| Lituânia | 2.215 | 2.276 | 2.736 | 2.748 | 2.671 | 2.879 | 3.082 | 2.795 | 2.950 | 3.068 | 3.181 | 3.445 | 3.643 | 3.947 | 4.154 | |
| Alemanha | 3.154 | 3.316 | 4.056 | 4.192 | 4.356 | 4.380 | 4.336 | 4.755 | 4.840 | 5.058 | 5.209 | 5.399 | 5.390 | 5.521 | 5.787 | |
| Irlanda | 2.256 | 2.821 | 3.117 | 3.341 | 4.874 | 5.142 | 5.291 | 5.242 | 5.144 | 5.114 | 4.657 | 4.961 | 5.196 | 5.213 | 5.512 | |
| Canadá | 3.510 | 4.234 | 4.664 | 4.803 | 4.652 | 4.648 | 4.564 | 4.546 | 4.400 | 4.429 | 4.716 | 4.851 | 5.156 | 5.412 | ||
| Áustria | 3.471 | 4.379 | 4.431 | 4.721 | 4.782 | 5.009 | 5.073 | 5.400 | 5.416 | 5.682 | 5.959 | 5.829 | 6.323 | 6.659 | ||
| Croácia | 1.555 | 1.328 | 1.649 | 1.594 | 1.567 | 1.536 | 1.445 | 1.514 | 1.871 | 1.901 | 1.973 | 2.204 | 2.295 | 2.414 | 2.534 | |
| Chipre | 439 | 930 | 1.105 | 1.092 | 1.022 | 1.027 | 1.051 | 1.011 | 1.059 | 1.210 | 1.408 | 1.658 | 1.740 | 1.743 | 1.728 | |
| Estônia | 1.903 | 2.451 | 3.058 | 3.393 | 3.458 | 3.338 | 3.286 | 3.188 | 3.296 | 3.552 | 3.766 | 3.770 | 3.836 | 4.036 | 4.655 | |
| Grécia | 1.787 | 2.217 | 2.236 | 2.655 | 2.734 | 3.197 | 2.727 | 3.251 | 3.416 | 3.645 | 4.008 | 4.244 | 4.927 | |||
| Isândia | 7.338 | 7.089 | 5.740 | 5.980 | 5.646 | 6.941 | 6.864 | |||||||||
| North Macedonia | 645 | 533 | 536 | 451 | 624 | 694 | 868 | 897 | 902 | 778 | 862 | 859 | 869 | 844 | 731 | 922 |
| Holanda | 2.638 | 2.909 | 3.210 | 3.648 | 4.336 | 4.887 | 4.926 | 4.892 | 5.109 | 5.273 | 5.497 | 5.592 | 5.799 | 6.004 | 6.319 | |
| Noruega | 4.603 | 5.445 | 5.534 | 5.584 | 5.605 | 5.723 | 5.930 | 6.121 | 6.396 | 6.484 | 6.738 | 6.766 | 7.229 | 7.395 | ||
| Polônia | 1.442 | 1.630 | 1.697 | 1.680 | 1.752 | 1.868 | 2.055 | 2.158 | 2.304 | 2.995 | 3.079 | 3.159 | 3.260 | 3.558 | 3.721 | |
| Portugal | 1.634 | 2.013 | 3.924 | 4.166 | 4.032 | 3.606 | 3.658 | 3.725 | 3.992 | 4.348 | 4.614 | 4.859 | 5.131 | 5.431 | 5.687 | |
| Romênia | 926 | 1.078 | 965 | 790 | 892 | 924 | 905 | 876 | 910 | 888 | 876 | 887 | 942 | 989 | 999 | |
| Rússia | 3.446 | 3.206 | 3.072 | 3.109 | 3.075 | 3.050 | 3.073 | 3.096 | 2.947 | 2.812 | 2.773 | 2.735 | 2.710 | 2.662 | 2.684 | |
| Eslováquia | 1.851 | 2.031 | 2.817 | 2.841 | 2.827 | 2.723 | 2.724 | 2.659 | 2.609 | 2.803 | 3.003 | 3.117 | 3.167 | 3.211 | 3.387 | |
| Eslovênia | 2.184 | 2.634 | 3.770 | 4.288 | 4.331 | 4.237 | 4.167 | 3.837 | 3.940 | 4.511 | 4.880 | 5.061 | 5.187 | 5.235 | 5.370 | |
| Espanha | 1.874 | 2.516 | 2.880 | 2.775 | 2.693 | 2.624 | 2.614 | 2.623 | 2.713 | 2.847 | 2.984 | 3.048 | 3.052 | 3.230 | 3.387 | |
| Suécia | 6.103 | 5.279 | 5.172 | 5.197 | 6.718 | 6.909 | 6.846 | 7.143 | 7.317 | 7.426 | 7.686 | 7.755 | 8.160 | 8.624 | ||
| Suiça | 3.644 | 4.497 | 5.309 | 5.257 | 5.562 | 6.021 | ||||||||||
| Turquia | 355 | 568 | 883 | 977 | 1.100 | 1.176 | 1.164 | 1.136 | 1.264 | 1.421 | 1.585 | 1.738 | 1.965 | 2.210 | 2.479 | |
| Reino Unido | 2.893 | 4.118 | 4.089 | 3.973 | 4.018 | 4.172 | 4.281 | 4.390 | 4.435 | 4.473 | ||||||
| Estados Unidos de América | 3.488 | 3.560 | 3.550 | 3.659 | 3.643 | 3.726 | 3.824 | 3.858 | 3.809 | 3.932 | 4.227 | 4.266 | 4.464 | 4.825 | ||
| Bósnia e Herzegovina | 61 | 156 | 228 | 284 | 354 | 407 | 472 | 460 | 451 | 446 | 446 | 540 | 670 | |||
| Luxemburgo | 3.800 | 4.826 | 5.200 | 5.526 | 4.402 | 4.662 | 4.783 | 4.636 | 4.802 | 4.969 | 4.755 | 5.091 | 4.689 | 4.939 | 4.879 | |
| Uzbequistão | 666 | 638 | 552 | 582 | 520 | 515 | 509 | 505 | 513 | 502 | 482 | 422 | 426 | 524 | 544 | 542 |
| Malta | 1.162 | 1.392 | 1.761 | 1.969 | 1.880 | 1.835 | 1.865 | 1.990 | 2.027 | 1.905 | 1.903 | 1.965 | 2.158 | 2.428 | ||
| Finlândia | 7.559 | 7.741 | 7.442 | 7.492 | 7.223 | 7.022 | 6.856 | 6.544 | 6.731 | 6.873 | 7.246 | 7.548 | 7.870 | 8.073 | ||
| Moldávia | 717 | 760 | 777 | 769 | 737 | 925 | 946 | 912 | 923 | 903 | 824 | 775 | 781 | 768 | 717 | |
| Cazaquistão | 360 | 375 | 597 | 720 | 781 | 761 | 679 | 651 | 650 | 620 | 669 | 610 | 662 | 693 | ||
| Sérvia | 1.503 | 1.616 | 1.635 | 1.719 | 1.823 | 2.060 | 2.122 | 2.068 | 2.076 | 2.087 | 2.150 | 2.207 | 2.350 | 2.515 | ||
| Ucrânia | 1.307 | 1.237 | 1.210 | 1.140 | 1.003 | 1.006 | 1.037 | 994 | 988 | 881 | 846 | 774 | 586 | |||
| Montenegro | 643 | 638 | 665 | 831 | 717 | 709 | 775 | 764 | ||||||||
| Geórgia | 600 | 1.127 | 1.359 | 1.384 | 1.382 | 1.545 | 1.788 | 1.799 | 1.703 | 1.809 | 1.768 | |||||
| Mônaco | 310 | |||||||||||||||
| Mongólia | 332 | 681 | 535 | |||||||||||||
| Azerbaijão | 1.715 | 1.732 | 1.743 | 1.702 | 1.663 | |||||||||||
| Belarus | 1.473 | 1.439 | 1.434 | 1.504 | ||||||||||||
| Armênia | 1.187 | 1.040 | ||||||||||||||
| Liechtenstein | 20.047 | 18.130 |